Mist reactors: principles, comparison of various systems, and case studies

Growing hairy roots in bioreactors has proven challenging. Here we summarize the recent work using a novel bioreactor, the mist reactor, for the culture of hairy roots from many plant species. Compared to most liquid-phase bioreactors, this gasphase bioreactor offers a completely different environment for growing roots. Design, modeling, and some of the unique engineering aspects inherent to mist reactors are explained along with some of the biological responses of roots when grown in mists compared to liquids. Prospects for future development of this technology are also summarized.